Summary
This blog explains replication, one of the three basic principles of experimental design, as the repeated application of treatments to ensure reliable results.
Using a real-life example, it shows that single observations can be misleading due to chance factors.
Replication helps estimate experimental error and reduce its magnitude, leading to more accurate conclusions.
Increasing replications lowers error, but the ideal number depends on resources, required precision, and degrees of freedom—though three replications are commonly used in practice.
There are three principles of designs of experiments:
Replication
Randomization
Local Control
In this blog, we will confine to replication.
The repeated application of treatments under investigation is known as replication. Sometimes we use repetition instead of replication.
In designs like CRD where the experimental material is homogeneous, we replace the word replication with repetition.
Why do we need replication?
Let’s understand it by one example. Suppose you are a selector in Olympic selection committee of India looking for a suitable candidate for 10 m Air Rifle event.
You have two candidates Abhinav Bindra and CarryMinati.
You asked both of them to fire one shot and Abhinav scored 9 while Carry scored 9.6.
Will you send Carry for Olympics? Is this scenario sufficient to reach the conclusion?
I know your answer is a Big No but why?
Just because Carry is a YouTuber you might think he should not be sent. Well, that's is definitely not a good reason for rejection!
The logical argument should be that there is a good probability that Carry (or any other candidate) might get that shot (of 9.6) by chance.
We should see that the difference in the performance of both the candidates must be due to their shooting skills instead of chance.
Hence, you should ask for a set of 5-6 instead of 1 shot in order to reach a conclusion and if Carry still performs better than he should be definitely send for Olympics.
Same is the case with your research. If you take only one observation than there are chances that your results might get affected by external factors.
We will not be able to detect if the difference in the variable studied is due to external factors or due to actual treatment difference.
Also, when the replication is 1 it’s degrees of freedom becomes 0.
What are the functions of replication?
To provide an estimate of the error
To reduce the experimental error
To provide an estimate of the error
Let’s see one example where we are giving three hormonal treatments IBA, NAA and GA3 to onion seeds for sprouting.
We took three replications.Now, we observe that seeds of first and second replications treated with same IBA show a different result. Why this happens?
We expect that the seeds of different replications treated with the same hormone, to give the same results but this doesn’t happen just because of the exogenous factors.
The exogenous factors can be light, CO2 concentration, relative humidity etc.
We don’t take into account all these factors in the study. All these exogenous factors contribute to generating an error.
The variations within replication of the same type of treatments form an error and thus we can say that replication allows us to estimate an error.
To reduce the experimental error
The experimental error is inversely proportional to the square root of the replication.
So, the more the replication the less would be an error.
\[
\text{Experimental Error} \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}
\]
A higher number of replications will result in a low experimental error and ultimately higher accuracy.
What should be ideal number of replication?
There is no one line answer to this question. The number of replications depends on the following factors:
- Resources available: More the resources available more the number of replication
- Required precision: Higher the precision more the number of replication
- Experimental material:Less the materiel less the number of replication
- Degree of freedom: Replication should be such that the error degree of freedom be greater than 12. Ideally 3 replications are taken in experiments.
Video Tutorial:
Tune to video if you prefer to learn by seeing instead of reading
References
Das, MN and Giri, NC (1979). Design and Analysis of Experiments. New York: Wiley (Halsted Press).
Rangaswamy, R (2010). A textbook of Agricultural Statistics (2nd Edn). New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.